Brand management the case of Verticon Ltd Essay

Brand management the case of Verticon Ltd - Essay Example On the other hand, it has been supported that â€Å"brands often can't justify the time and expense of developing new competencies until they are well behind the opportunity curve; successful licensing offers a way of accelerating new product development and deepening brand relevance† [1]. In other words, in order for branding to bring the necessary results, it has to be appropriately designed and developed taking into account that each particular company has its strengths and weaknesses that can be differentiated from the other firms that operate in the same industrial sector. For this reason, the brand management strategy which is going to be implemented in a particular company has to follow specific rules and, most important, to be adapted to the specific firm’s characteristics trying to promote the positive aspects of the organizational structure. Current paper refers specifically to the development of a brand management strategy for Verticon Ltd, a company that ope rates in the British market and especially in the fashion industry. The above firm operates quite long in the particular market, however the increase of the power of its competitors led the corporate managers to decide the establishment of a brand trying to enforce the firm’s performance and ‘secure’ its position in its market.

The Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution In England History Essay

The Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution In England History Essay The Industrial Revolution is sometimes criticized for the negative impacts it brought to the society. However, it is a very interesting, and an undeniable fact that the revolution actually prevented the Malthusian Catastrophe, which could have affected England severely, through starvation, poverty, and diseases. This essay evaluates how, and in what ways England had been affected by the Industrial Revolution both negatively and positively. Most importantly, the research will focus on the ways in which the Industrial Revolution may have prevented the Malthusian Catastrophe in England. This essay, however, will not assess the impacts of the Industrial Revolution in any other countries, nor will it assess factors other than the Agricultural Revolution, efficiently produced goods, and the Enclosure Movement. The most important variables considered will be Englands societal and economic conditions before the revolution began, and how they changed after the revolution was progressed. Causes of the Industrial Revolution, the progress it made, and the negative social, or political impacts brought about in England will also be considered to evaluate the research question. Although the three factors played important roles in preventing the Malthusian Catastrophe, which could have brought disastrous impacts to the British society, they also bought negative impacts on the society, providing poor working conditions, and taking rights form the farmers This problems will further be evaluated in the actual essay. Contents Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4 Industrial Revolution Efficiently Produced Goods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 6 Agricultural Revolution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.10 The Enclosure Movement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 14 Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦18 Works Cited à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 19 Industrial Revolution: The Impacts of the Industrial Revolution in England on the Malthusian Catastrophe Introduction In a state therefore of great equality and virtue, where pure and simple manners prevailed, the increase of the human species would evidently be much greater than any increase that has been hitherto known In 1798, Thomas Robert Malthus published an essay on the principle of population, describing the increasing number of human populations in the 18th century. In his essay, he came out with two postulates: one, food is necessary for human survival, and two, passion between the sexes will not go away. Along with the two postulates, Thomas Malthus undoubtedly declared that subsistence limits population level, since subsistence decreases while population increases (Thomas) and that this would affect the larger socio cultural system in terms of misery, vice, diseases and poverty. Malthus further augmented his idea through carrying capacity theory, noting that populations as a whole tend to grow exponentially or geometrically, whereas natural resources grow arithmetically if they grow at a ll. When a population reaches beyond the amount of resources available to its survival, it has reached its carrying capacity. When a population reaches its carrying capacity, a number of limiting factors such as disease or famine, can occur to bring population down and back to naturally acceptable limits.(Strachan) However, as a result of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century, his prediction towards Europe didnt take place. The first Industrial Revolution, which proceeded throughout the decades, began in Britain for a greater economic specialization, and to bring an economic shift through changes in industry. Before the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, there was a great social inequality among the populace in Britain (Hooker). Land was processed mostly by wealthy people, while lower class people struggled to survive, dying with malnourishment and diseases. Besides, there was a countless land of farms, while Britain possessed no real factories. However, follow ing the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, new factories were opened, more jobs were created, and wages rose (Kreis). Most importantly, it stopped the Malthusian Catastrophe, which could have brought devastating impacts on Britain. Three factors might have played significant roles in stopping the catastrophe, which are: Efficiently produced goods, Agricultural revolution, and the Enclosure Movement. Industrial Revolution: Efficiently Produced Goods The Industrial Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century in Britain, is well acknowledged for the mechanization of production systems. In earlier centuries, the focus was how to produce more used in the modern has changed everything (Kreis). Before the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, Britain was a country where men worked from dawn to dark and the laborer lived not in the sun, but in the poverty. In factories, production was merely dependent on laborers; hence it took a large amount of money and time, without productions being made promptly. In addition, many people worked at home in rural areas while a few worked in shops and in towns (Margaret). On the other hand, the industrial bourgeoisie was eager for higher profits, lower costs, and accelerated production, and they sought alternatives to improve the production of goods. In account of these reasons, machines and new inventions were considered outstanding for everyday use. The Industrial Revolution began with n ew machines. Within the relatively narrow confines of production technology in a number of industries, more numerous, and more radical inventions, including the telephone and assembly line, occurred during the Industrial Revolution than ever before in so short a period, and the Industrial Revolution eventually took manufacturing out of the home and workshop (Margaret). The machines and new inventions that ameliorated the efficiency in producing goods were wide ranging, from a shuttle to an engine. Along with these machines, many factories were able to accelerate production, with lower costs. For instance in 1785, Edmond Cartwright, an English inventor, invented what he called a power loom, after he was inspired by what he saw in a factory, owned by Richard Arkwright (Kreis). The machine, although at first stage, performed poorly with mechanical breakdowns, helped factories improve the speed and quality of weaving after being modified several times. Another example that had presented a great efficiency during the Industrial Revolution in Britain was the Steam Engine, which the first reliable one was developed by James Watt (Patricia). Steam engines were the power being locomotives and ships, which provided a faster source of transportation to bring raw materials to factories and to bring finished products to market. Both these machines were used var iedly in different factories and mines in Britain, as they helped to accelerate production, while having to spend less money and time. It was clear that the new inventions and machines during the Industrial Revolution created an enormous increase in the production of many kinds of goods. The underground movement of coal was speeded up by the utilization of ponies and carts on rail, and the production of coal increased steadily, from two and a half million to more than fifteen million tons by 1829 (Kreis). The flying shuttle, which was invented in 1738, rendered the old process of carrying the weft through the threads of the warp obsolete and enabled the weaver to double output (Patricia). The textile industry marked a great change after the introduction of new inventions, due to transformed methods of making textiles after the introduction of new inventions. Starting from 1831, the British industrial production was doubled, and in 1852, the industrial production doubled again, marking up to 3.3 per capita (Mokyr). The evidence is that the discovery of basic principles of machine design, their application to large or small-scale industrial production and the creation of efficient managerial techniques were all independent of the creation of the factory system by nineteenth-century capitalist. The application of machine design to such industries as spinning and weaving in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries often resulted in inventions suited to the circumstances of petty producers: The new machines required little capita and a family sized labor force, and hence were well suited to the perpetuation of Britain industry (Sabel, 1982, p. 39) At any rate, the efficiently produced goods played a principal role in stopping the Malthusian Catastrophe. It is to be noted that the Malthusian Catastrophe was said to be a return to subsistence level conditions as a result of economic being eventually outstripped by growth in population. The industrial revolution was the driving force behind social change in Britain, and changed nearly all aspects of life through new inventions and spawned a new economy (Clark). As a result of many new inventions such as the steam engine, locomotive and powered looms, production and transportation of goods radically changed. Furthermore, with new mechanized machinery, factories could be built and the factories used to mass produce goods at a rate that human labor could never achieve. Machinery replaced some human crafts; coal replaced humans and animals as the source of power to run machines; and the centralized factory system replaced the distributed, home-centered system of production (Rutherfor d Ahlgren, 1990, p. 151). Machinery and inventions invented toward the manufacturing companies clearly replaced the distributed, home centered system of production, and they eventually improved the production as well as economy in Britain. The population in Britain increased, which meant the resources had to be divided among a greater number of people, keeping the standards of living at subsistence levels (Jegede). The rapidly growing population and sustainability of economy worried Thomas Malthus, resulting in him introducing the theory of the Malthusian Catastrophe. However, following the newly invented mechanism, and efficiently produced goods, the Malthusian Catastrophe could have been stopped. The machines during the industrial Revolution did more during the 1800s to raise peoples standard of living than all the actions of legislatures and trade unions. Despite of its economic improvement, and the great increase in production of goods, therere also some negative interpretations toward the new machines invented during the same period of time. Some historians have stressed the negative parts of the machines, as they pointed to the overcrowded and unsanitary housing and the terrible working conditions such as low wage, created by rapid industrialization in the cities (Patricia). Child labor and precarious factory machines were also pointed out. In Britain, nearly half of the work force in the textile industry in 1833 was under the age of 16. In many cases, the employment of children was quite extensive and the conditions, hours and treatment appalling by twentieth century standards (Tuttle). Many interpretations are taken toward the acts of the industrial revolution. While some historians disparage the industrial revolution due to the negative impacts it brought to the society, some historians see it justifiable due to the fact that Britain had achieved a great progress in industry throughout the Industrial Revolution. Machinery that was invented for convenience brings about the transform in the entire humane history. Britain, which once was a rural and agricultural society, changed to an urban and industrial society throughout mechanism. The Industrial Revolution brought many material benefits that still remain established in the modern world. Britain became the central power in world trade after the revolution, as one suggested the next colony of Britain would be the universe. And these facts, allowed Britain stop the Malthusian Catastrophe. Industrial Revolution: Agricultural Revolution The Industrial Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century in Britain, also led to the Agricultural Revolution, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. The Great Britain was based on agriculture, and rural lives. Despite the great gains in industry throughout mechanism, agriculture remained the nations basic occupation, and therefore, enclosure movement, mechanization, four-field crop rotation and selective breeding were used to improve the agriculture (Gay). Agricultural Revolution is another major factor why the Industrial Revolution could bring to an end of the Malthusian Catastrophe. In Britain, before the Industrial Revolution was introduced, food was produced locally, and agriculture could provide for but a few large commercial towns. Somewhere around seventy five percent of the British population made their money farming, but in the winter, they couldnt farm, while in a mean time, farmers had to plow and plant by their own hands. Through out the 18th century, landowners became increasingly interested in finding new ways of farming, as ways of increasing the food supply had to be found due to the increasing population (Gay). Therefore numerous methods for farming were introduced during the Industrial Revolution, which eventually led to the Agricultural Revolution. With the start of the Agricultural Revolution, agriculture and farming families changed, and there occurred massive production in agriculture, including crops and grains. The machines and new techniques that ameliorated the efficiency in farming in agriculture were wide ranging, from breeding to machine. Along with these techniques and machines, many farmers were able to accelerate agricultural production, without having to spend a long time. For instance in 1730, Joseph Foljambe came out with an invention, called the Rotherham plough, the first iron plough to have any commercial success (Kennedy). The machine, which was made of iron and mould board and share, was covered with an iron plate that made it lighter to pull and more controllable than the previous ploughs (Alan). The machine, during the Industrial Revolution, was usually used to turn the soil more effectively with less draft, wear, or strain on the ploughing team, which helped farmers with farming (Kennedy). Another example that provided the efficiency in farming in agriculture was a technique called the three field crop rotation, which Charles Townshend brought to Great Britain after learn ing it from Flanders (Billet). During the middle Ages, the Great Britain had employed a three year crop rotation, in which different crops are placed in each of two fields. Over the following two centuries, the regular planting of legume in the fields, which were uncultivated gradually increased the fertility, and the planting of legumes helped the farming to increase plant growth in the empty field due to their ability to fix nitrogen in the soil (Harskamp) This technique was used as farmers could grow more livestock because there was more food of higher quality. In addition the manure was used as an excellent fertilizer, as it could produce productive crops. Both these techniques were brought during the Industrial Revolution, and helped the farmers grow more livestock that is in higher quality. At any rate, the Agricultural Revolution, followed by a wide-ranging of mechanics and techniques invented during the Industrial Revolution, played a principal role in stopping the Malthusian Catastrophe. Many historians note that the Malthusian Catastrophe referred a return to subsistence level conditions as a result of agricultural production being eventually outstripped by growth in population. Thomas Malthus argued that the unprecedented population growth will outpace the agricultural revolution, and this will result in deaths through starvation and hunger (Thomas). However, it did not happen. The industrial revolution was the driving force behind social change in Britain, especially the rural lives. New inventions and new technologies had changed the ways of farming, and helped the farmers grow more livestock. The agricultural productivity of Britain grew significantly in the period of the agricultural revolution, that it was estimated that the productivity of wheat was about nin eteen bushels per acre in 1720, and that it had grown to twenty one to twenty two bushels in the middle of the eighteenth century (Turner). Although there still was an increase in population, the introduction of the agricultural revolution, followed by the industrial revolution allowed the population growth to be sustained, and the Malthusian Catastrophe didnt occur. The machines and techniques during the Industrial Revolution did more during the 1800s to raise peoples standard of living in farm lands than all the actions of legislatures and trade unions. The machines and techniques used during the industrial revolution, although played a lot of necessary roles in increasing the agricultural production, have negative interpretations as well. Some historians argue that the agricultural revolution was harmful to some of the farmers as the enclosure movement kicked many traditional farmers off the community owned land they had used, putting them out of work (Snooks). Second, with fewer people needed to grow more food, other farm workers were put out of work. More importantly, the population of Britain rose relatively quickly that the population in 1750 reached the level of 7.7 million. Poorly managed farms and ranches were also problems that they contributed to pollution through pesticide abuse and emission violations (Snooks). There occurred soil e rosion through lack of proper stewardship and animal cruelty through ignorant or willful mistreatment of animals. Despite of the negative interpretations toward the machinery in factories, the fact that Britain had achieved a great progress in farming, and farming production throughout the Industrial Revolution is not deniable. Machinery and techniques that were invented or brought for convenience brought about the transform in the entire Britain agriculture. Britain, although was changed to an urban and industrial society throughout mechanism, its agriculture still remained the nations basic occupation, and Britain tried to improve the techniques under the basis of improvements in industrial machines. The Industrial Revolution brought many material benefits that still remain established in the modern world. Undergoing the industrial and agricultural revolution, Britain could be the central power both as a rural, and an urban country. This is important because the Malthusian Catastrophe concerned about the food production being outstripped by the increasing number of population. As the food prod uction increased following the newly introduced techniques and inventions, Britain could avoid such a catastrophe. Industrial Revolution: The Enclosure Movement Britain was based on agriculture, and rural lives. Food was produced locally, and agriculture could provide for but a few large commercial towns. (Industrial) In addition, Most of the British population made their money through farming. However, land owners became interested in the new way of farming, which would increase the productivity. Before the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, there occurred an Enclosure Movement in the 18th century, which revolutionized the landscape of rural Britain (More). As a result of the enclosure movement, instead of communal exploitation of land, property could be managed privately (More). The community in a typical English farmer society was no longer in charge of land, and there was no longer a loose and lax policy on the occupation of land (agricultural). It was after the Industrial Revolution, when the process of enclosure was most apparent. Numerous acts and bills were signed by the English parliament for separate and different parts of land, and the movement revolutionized economic activity by isolating and organizing different farms (Agricultural). Also, its ability of better rising of crops and animals made the enclosure movement become so popular that Trim hedges and compact fields have, for the most part, replaced the wide commons and the scattered, intermixed strips of the old husbandry once practiced over a large part of Britain (Gay). The Enclosure movement was not merely an alteration of agricultural technique, nor was it, on the other hand, a series of spasmodic, cataclysmal upheavals, overwhelming an unfortunate peasantry with each successive convulsion (Gay). The Enclosure Movement played countless important roles in stopping the Malthusian Catastrophe. One most important role was that it improved the agricultural production. In order for landlords to make the most efficient use of the land, they had to manage the field as they saw fit. This was, of course, impossible under the three field system (System of agricultural cultivation in Western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow) (Agricultural), which had dominated English agriculture from the 9th century. Since farmers, small and large, held their property in long strips, they had to follow the same rules of cultivation. The local parish or village determined what ought to be planted. In the end, the open field system of crop rotation was an obstacle to increased agricultural productivity. The solution was to enclose the land, and this meant enclosing entire villages. Landlords, by petition to Parliament, started enclosure, and in the 19th century, more than 900 acts of enclosure were passed (agricultural). The enclosure movement could prevent the Malthusian Catastrophe as it ultimately contributed to an increased agricultural surplus, necessary to feed a population that would double in the 19th century. Another important role it played was the mobility of the workers. The Enclosure Movement, although was indirect, and roundabout, also contributed in improving the British economy. The enclosure movement dramatically changed the English way of life, leading to the enormous economic upheavals that had a profound influence on the modern society. As a result of the enclosure movement, many peasants and working class people were forced to move to the cities, where they could get jobs. Consequently, large numbers of people left rural areas to move into the cities, where they became laborers in the factories during the Industrial Revolution (More). In the cities, they played as factory workers, being engaged in increasing the industrial production s. In fact, the Malthusian Catastrophe referred a return to subsistence level conditions as a result of agricultural production and economy being outstripped by growth in population (Thomas). Thomas Malthus argued that the unprecedented population growth will outpace the agricultural revolution, and this will result in deaths through starvation and hunger. However, it did not happen. The enclosure movement was the driving force behind social and economic changes in Britain, especially the rural lives. By revolutionizing the landscape, and also by appropriate public land for a private benefit, Britain could make a huge improvement in increasing both the agricultural and economic productivity. The agricultural productivity of Britain grew significantly in the period of the enclosure movement, and had also made Britain, a center of the world economy. Although there still was an increase in population, the introduction of the enclosure movement, followed by the industrial revolution allowed the population growth to be sustained, and the Malthusian Catastrophe didnt occur. Despite the fact that the enclosure movement played lots of important roles in increasing the agricultural production, and improving the British economy, therere also some negative interpretations toward the movement. Historians often go against the need of introducing the Enclosure Movement for two main reasons; one, it kicked many traditional farmers off from the community owned land they had used, putting them out of work in the cities (Snooks). Second, as the result of the population growth in cities, poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets, while homes shared toilet facilities, and open sewers (Tuttle). Furthermore, disease was spread through a contaminated water supply. Third, peasants, and lower class people, who lost their land to work on, moved to towns, where all families had to work (Tuttle). Therefore, even children had to work in factories under poor working conditions. Although there are some negative aspects toward the Enclosure Movement, the fact that Britain had achieved a great progress in agricultural productivity and economy could prevent Britain from the Malthusian Catastrophe. By revolutionizing the landscape, Britain enjoyed the increasing amount of agricultural production that could support the increasing number of population. Moreover, the facts that farmers and low class people moved to the towns made British economy increase. The Industrial Revolution brought many material benefits that still remain established in the modern world. Undergoing the industrial and agricultural revolution, Britain could be the central power both as a rural, and an urban country, which in fact, allowed Britain to prevent the Malthusian Catastrophe. Conclusion The Industrial Revolution was a great shift in the eighteenth century in Britain. When Thomas Malthus, a well known economist, came out with the theory, about the agriculture and economics being outstripped by increasing number of population, many people in Britain were worried about the growth rate of population. The introduction of the Malthusian Catastrophe meant the introduction of a tremendous disasters, which include diseases, misery, vice and poverty. The fierce was heightened when the capacity theory, which was concerned with the idea of resources becoming limited, reducing the populations rate of growth, was introduced, resulting in a large populace trying to find a way that could stop the catastrophe. However, the Industrial Revolution opened a new road, not only for Britain, but also for the world, with a concept of introducing new machines, techniques, and a movement to the agricultural based country. Although the Industrial Revolution is often harshly criticized for the negative outputs they brought, such as pollution, poor working conditions, and taking up of rights, it was the Industrial Revolution that could have prevented Britain from the Malthusian Catastrophe. Britain, by going through the Industrial Revolution, changed from a rural and agricultural society, to an urban and industrial society. As agricultural revolution was introduced, the efficiency in farming was ameliorated. Also, it became one of the most powerful countries in the world with its massive increase in agricultural productivity, and economy. Although some historians argue that the whole Industrial Revolution was not justifiable, the Industrial Revolution resulted in efficiently produced goods, agricultural revolution, and the enclosure movement, which eventually prevented Britain from the Malthusian Catastrophe.

What an Interview Really Is :: Interviews Employment Workforce Essays

What an Interview Really Is One man, asked if he does much interviewing, thinks of the time he chose his secretary and of the day he had to counsel one of the management trainees- and answers ‘practically none’. Another man with a similar job thinks of the many informal discussions he has with his superior and with customers, with colleagues and subordinates- and answers that he is interviewing all the time. The difference lies not in their work but in their interpretation of the word interview. The interviewer must use the same skills, whether he is concerned with formal pre-arranged meetings typified by the selection interview, or with unprepared discussions with staff or visitors. Basically all these situations involve two people meeting to solve some problem. If they are to achieve anything one, and often both of them, must exercise various skills. For instance, they need to think clearly about what they are trying to do- whether they are concerned with selection or with an apparent injustice or with a failure to carry out some task. Then, if they are to exchange useful information, they must be able to inspire each other at least with some confidence and preferably with liking. Essential in formal interviewing, this skill is no less important in informal discussions. One party at least, preferably both, must be able to listen. The quality of relationships established in this way does much to establish the effectiveness of communication in an organization. Is traditions of relationships, its levels of morale and industrial peace are, establish or profoundly influenced by the many hundreds of brief meetings and discussions that are taking place within it all the time. Some interviews are so important that they have serious and long-term consequences for a company and for the personal fortunes of the individual concerned. The skills needed in all these types of communication are required everyone who has responsibility over others. They make for healthy constructive human groups and contribute immensely to the development of the individual. Types of Interviews Although we tend to think of selection interviewing as a conversation between two people there are several variations on this theme. Ã ¼ Individual, or one-to-one, interviews These are by far the most common, and offer the best opportunity for rapport to be developed between the interviewer and the candidate. They do, however have a number of problems. For instance, if the interviewer lacked objectivity, then since he is the sole judge this weakness will go unchecked.

Designer Babies

Abstract The term â€Å"designer baby† is used by journalist and media to refer to a baby whose genetic makeup had been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization to make sure there is a presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics (Designer Baby, n. d. ). Before, designer babies have been used to prevent genetic defects of offspring or to prevent a child from a number of mutations and diseases. Now, with our advancements in reproductive technologies, doctors are taking this to a whole new level by using genetic diagnosis or PGD to design their patient’s idea of a â€Å"perfect baby. In this paper I will discuss the reasons why I’m against the idea of designer babies. Genetically Engineering A Designer Baby Imagine going to a hospital and ordering a baby, just like you order a meal at your favorite fast food restaurant: â€Å"Hi, can I have a girl in the model category. Straight brown hair, brown eyes, and a bronze tan. Actually, make that green eyes, instead of brown and make her hair a little wavy, but not too wavy. Medium stature is fine, with a fit body type. Oh yeah, can you make sure that she'll have perfect white, straight teeth too.And that will do it! † Sounds a little ridiculous doesn't it? Well believe it or not, designing your idea of a â€Å"perfect† baby may be completely normal in the next few years because of the highly advanced reproductive technologies out there today. Some would argue that being able to genetically design their own child would be a blessing but here are my reasons why I think the idea of designer babies isn’t just morally and ethically wrong, but could eventually lead to the possibility of controlling the human population to ensure certain physical characteristics.On March 3, 2009 an organization called Fertility Institutes offered what journalists call â€Å"designer babies† (Designer Babies: Parents can Select Physical Tra its, 2011). The technology they use is called preimplantation genetic diagnosis or PGD. It's been used to improve the likelihood of a successful pregnancy and birth for couples with either infertility related to recurrent miscarriages or unsuccessful in vitro cycles and couples who are at high risk for passing on inherited genetic disease to their offspring (Preimplantation Genetics, n. d. ).Before, PGD was strictly used only for the couples who absolutely needed it. Now they are taking this technology that we've used since the mid-1980s to a whole new level. Wanting to fulfill the desires of their patients, Fertility Institutes said that their patients could not only select the gender of their soon to be child, but could choose their baby's skin, hair, and eye color (Preimplantation Genetics, n. d. ). This new technology sparked many questions and controversies. From conception and on, parents are viewed as risk factors in their child's life.Pregnant women are constantly being remi nded to eat the right food, get enough exercise, stay away from alcohol and cigarettes, and the list goes on and on. If she doesn't follow these guidelines, she is putting her child at risk (Debating ‘designer babies’, 2003). A child is the icon of vulnerability. In using their power over a vulnerable child, parents can do harm whether they mean to or not. Parents are constantly making decisions for their child in hopes that one day they will be successful. With the idea of designer babies however, parents might replace their love with a mentality of perfection.These parents will pay thousands of dollars to make sure their baby is born physically perfect so of course their standards of their child will be extremely high. If a child can't live up to his or her parents expectations, they might go through their whole life feeling like they're not good enough. Knowing that their parents have selected every trait about them from their gender to hair color, children will feel less free. What if parents really do replace love with wanting their child to be perfect? The child might grow up not knowing what love is since he or she has never experienced it.I know it’s a bit dramatic, but this just might be the ending of love and compassion. Eugenics is defined as â€Å"the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits† (Eugenics, n. d. ). We’ve all heard of the infamous Adolf Hitler. His plan was to create a world full of tall, blonde hair, blue eyed â€Å"perfect† people and to eventually obtain world domination.He tortured and killed thousands and thousands of people because they were Jewish, African American, homosexuals, handicaps, and communists. When I first read about designer babies this is the first thing I thought of. With all the n ew reproductive technology, there is a possibility that someday, there will be a perfect race. This also ties into who would be able to design their baby’s traits. Only the wealthy would be able to afford the luxury of designing a perfect child. So not only would these children be flawless and beautiful, but they would also be born wealthy.The average or poor people will have normal children while the wealthy have their perfect children. There is already a fine line between the wealthy and the poor. The wealthy are constantly getting richer, while the poor remains poor. Which brings me to my next point, if we start creating these designer babies, what happens to the â€Å"normal† children? These kids will be considered ugly and scary since they’re not perfect. The new generation of designer babies would hate anyone who doesn’t appear to have the flawless appearance they have and the normal children would hate the designer children because they’re n ot as good looking as them.The designer kids would act as if they are better and look down to normal people. Our society is constantly concerned with looks as it is. I can’t even imagine how the normal children will feel. They’ll hate themselves for not looking as beautiful as the others, blame their parents for them being â€Å"ugly,† and lose confidence in themselves. As you know, I’m against designing babies to achieve the perfect appearance, but I understand that sometimes using PGD to screen embryos is necessary. Take the story of Philippa for example. An interview done by United Kingdom BBC (2005) said that she had a problem with her DNA.It never affected her health, but it meant that most of her eggs didn’t carry genes needed for a baby to grow healthy. Every time she got pregnant, she miscarried. The doctors suggested that she try PGD. This ensured that her baby would be free from any genetic abnormalities. Nine months after using PGD she g ave birth to a healthy baby boy, named Ruiaridh (BBC, 2005). Philippa had no desire to design a perfect baby, so I don’t consider Ruiaridh a designer baby. In cases where a parent is preventing their future child from a disease, I think it’s 100% acceptable.If I was in that position I would do the exact same thing, without a doubt. All-in-all, designing perfect babies is something we shouldn’t be toying with. The results could be devastating. In my eyes, the bond between a parent and their child is something special. When I laid my eyes on my daughter for the first time, I was amazed at how much she resembled me. Her eyes, her nose, her lips, everything looked exactly like me. This is one of the best things about being a parent. I couldn’t imagine designing her with different features than God didn’t intend her to be born with.Children don’t need to be artificially selected by genetic engineering to be considered perfect. To a parent, every child should be born perfect no matter how they look. References Eugenics . (n. d. ). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved April 22, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eugenics Johnson, P. (2012, January 20). Pros and Cons of Designer Babies. Buzzle. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-designer-babies. html Lee, E. (2008, April 17). Debating ‘Designer Babies'. Spiked-Science. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from www. spiked-online. om/Articles/00000006DD57. htm[->0] Luck, M. (2011, May 15). Designer Babies. ce399 | research archive. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://ce399eugenics. wordpress. com/2011/05/15/designer-babies-parents-can-select-physical-traits-at-fertility-institute-2/ Pray, L. (n. d. ). Embryo Screening and the Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering. Scitable. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. nature. com/scitable/topicpage/embryo-screening-and-the-ethics-of-60561 Who's Afraid of Designer Babies?. (n. d. ). BBC. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. bbc. co. uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/babies_prog_summary. shtml

Includes recommendations for banking in China Essay

The bank is progressively upgrading its services and is attempting to match the best practices in the banking industry. This is evident from its Factoring programme for businesses. This enables business people to assign receivables to Bank of China and in turn they are provided with all facilities for collection, finance of trade, risk control and ledger sales management. In addition there is easy finance on production of delivery of goods, provision of capital at low cost, protection of credit to the seller despite any financial difficulty of the buyer, thus in some cases it will be the buyer also who will be benefiting along with the seller in case Factoring is undertaken. The Factoring services include export and import factoring as well export and domestic invoice discounting and domestic full factoring. Being the first and the largest factoring services provider in China’s banking sector, it has build extensive experience in this field and therefore will provide assured services. (Factoring, 2006). BOC has developed partnerships with large state held Chinese corporations such as the oil and petroleum company China National Petroleum Corporation. This will add value to its global business and create partnerships for growth. Security and risk management in Bank of China is dependent on its corporate governance policy. This is determined and controlled by the board of directors which oversees the overall operation and administration. As per standard norms of banks, committees are appointed to supervise various banking functions which include those for strategic planning, audit, risk management, personnel and remuneration and transaction controls. (Governance, 2006). The various stake holders in the bank include apart from the state government, the share holders, a board of directors, in which the posts of Chairman and President are said to be separate, a board o f supervisors and senior management. (Governance, 2006). The large quantum of non performing assets and a state control however does not immediately contribute to confidence in this area. The Bank is prone to provide for areas which are determined by the Central government and to that extent its policies are not ruled by the needs of ensuring profitability and efficiency. The picture in China is however continuously changing and greater progress in this sphere is anticipated in the future. HSBC exploits it legacy of banking in China to effect as it has been present in the Middle Kingdom since 1865. (HSBC China, 2006). The Bank provides the customers the advantage of being a single banker for domestic as well as foreign banking services thereby providing it convenience, speed, security and assurance. (HSBC China, 2006). HSBC is seen to operate at an entirely different level. The products, services and processes for the customers have been well established by the bank. It is now marketing these facilities to provide growth both in the personal and business banking sectors. Modern banking as practiced by HSBC is not only creating facilities such as automated teller and cash machines but actually recognizing the benefits of customers using these. This leads banks as HSBC to sponsor various gift schemes for users who use cash machines or pay their bills online. This indicates that services are not mere conveniences but offers which enable the bank to actually increase its efficiency. Then there are services such as money managers for the business, high interest deposit bonds, money market account and clients deposit account which enables pooling of money in a single account. HSBC also manages pensions of employers for a business as well for individuals. For business there are other factilities that are being provided such as business internet banking as well as HSBCnet which provides larger companies with a complete range of services on the internet, invoice finance, Against the internal growth outlook of Bank of China, HSBC is seeking more challenges externally as the Worlds local bank and is investing in many developing countries such as Vietnam, Saudi Arabia and even Iraq. (Schuman, 2006). The low penetration of modern banking systems services for example credit cards in China which for a 1. 3 billion population has only 10 million card holders has promised greater possibility and scope for banks such as HSBC. While HSBC sees itself as the Worlds local bank, the BOC wants to seek primacy in Chinese banking by providing assistance in doing business globally. Thus there is a difference in the focus of both the banks. This also underlines an essential difference in the states of the Chinese banking industry vis a vis global banking conglomerates as HSBC. The Chinese banking industry is still in its nascence and thus sees itself as a provider of financial services to its domestic clientele be it personal or corporate to operate internationally. On the other hand HSBC sees itself as a bank for global banking regardless of the nationality of its clients. The Bank of China will have to face these challenges in the future in a very cohesive manner. Bank of China is well established domestically as well as globally. It can conduct sustained operations as it has adequate experience and exposure to varied political, economic and financial regimes. The global orientation of the bank is particularly favorable for its sustained growth and expansion in the future. It can thus provide the lead to other banks in China.